a) Tìm giá trị nhỏ nhất của biểu thức \(x^2-8x+5\)
b) Cho \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\) và \(a+b+c\) ≠ 0
Tính giá trị của biểu thức N =\(\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}\)
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Bài 1:
Ta có: \(a^3+b^3+c^3=3abc\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3\right)+c^3-3a^2b-3ab^2-3abc=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^3+c^3-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left[\left(a+b\right)^2-\left(a+b\right)c+c^2\right]-3ab\left(a+b+c\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac=0\left(do.a+b+c\ne0\right)\)
\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ac\right)=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2+\left(b-c\right)^2+\left(a-c\right)^2=0\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(a-b\right)^2=0\\\left(b-c\right)^2=0\\\left(a-c\right)^2=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\)
\(M=\dfrac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{\left(a+b+c\right)^2}=\dfrac{3a^2}{\left(3a\right)^2}=\dfrac{3a^2}{9a^2}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)
Bài 2:
a) \(=\dfrac{x\left(x^2+x-6\right)}{x\left(x^2-4\right)}=\dfrac{x\left(x-2\right)\left(x+3\right)}{x\left(x-2\right)\left(x+2\right)}=\dfrac{x+3}{x+2}\)
b) \(=\dfrac{x\left(x+1\right)+7\left(x+1\right)}{x\left(x^2+2x+1\right)}=\dfrac{\left(x+1\right)\left(x+7\right)}{x\left(x+1\right)^2}=\dfrac{x+7}{x\left(x+1\right)}=\dfrac{x+7}{x^2+x}\)
\(A=\left|\dfrac{3}{5}-x\right|+\dfrac{1}{9}\ge\dfrac{1}{9}\\ A_{min}=\dfrac{1}{9}\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{3}{5}\\ B=\dfrac{2009}{2008}-\left|x-\dfrac{3}{5}\right|\le\dfrac{2009}{2008}\\ B_{max}=\dfrac{2009}{2008}\Leftrightarrow x=\dfrac{3}{5}\\ C=-2\left|\dfrac{1}{3}x+4\right|+1\dfrac{2}{3}\le1\dfrac{2}{3}\\ C_{max}=1\dfrac{2}{3}\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{3}x=-4\Leftrightarrow x=-12\)
b: \(B=\dfrac{x^2-3x+2x^2+6x-3x^2-9}{x^2-9}=\dfrac{3x-9}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}=\dfrac{3}{x+3}\)
b: \(B=\dfrac{x^2-3x+2x^2+6x-3x^2-9}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{3x-9}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}=\dfrac{3}{x+3}\)
\(a, x^3+5x^2-9x-45=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x^2\left(x+5\right)-9\left(x+5\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)\left(x+5\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=3\\x=-3\end{matrix}\right.\left(x\ne-5\right)\\ \text{Với }x=3\Leftrightarrow A=\dfrac{9-9}{3\left(3+5\right)}=0\\ \text{Với }x=-3\Leftrightarrow A=\dfrac{9-9}{3\left(-3+5\right)}=0\\ \text{Vậy }A=0\\ b,B=\dfrac{x^2-3x+2x^2+6x-3x^2-9}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}\\ B=\dfrac{3x-9}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}=\dfrac{3\left(x-3\right)}{\left(x-3\right)\left(x+3\right)}=\dfrac{3}{x+3}\)
\(P=2\Sigma a+\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}=\Sigma a+\Sigma a+\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}\ge3.\sqrt[3]{\left(\Sigma a\right)^2.\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}}\)
\(Q=\left(\Sigma a\right)^2.\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}=\left(3+2\Sigma ab\right).\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}=3\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}+4\Sigma a+2\Sigma\dfrac{ab}{c}\ge3\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}+6\Sigma a=3\left(\Sigma\dfrac{1}{a}+2\Sigma a\right)=3P\)\(\Rightarrow\)\(P\ge3\sqrt[3]{3P}\) \(\Leftrightarrow P^3\ge81P\Leftrightarrow P^2\ge81\left(P>0\right)\Leftrightarrow P\ge9\)
" = " \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c=1\)
Vì $\large a,b,c \in\mathbb{N^*}$ và $\large a^2+b^2+c^2=3\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} a<\sqrt{3} & \\ b<\sqrt{3} & \\ c<\sqrt{3} & \end{matrix}\right.$
Ta chứng minh bất đẳng thức phụ sau:
Với $0 <x<\sqrt{3}$ thì $2x+\frac{1}{x} \ge x^2.\frac{1}{2}+\frac{5}{2}(*)$
Thật vậy $(*)$ $\large \Leftrightarrow (x-2)(x-1)^2 \le0$
Do $\large x<\sqrt{3}\Leftrightarrow x<2\Leftrightarrow (x-2)(x-1)^2<0$ (Luôn đúng)
Do đó bất đẳng thức được chứng minh
Dấu $"="$ xảy ra khi $x=1$
Trở lại bài toán:
Áp dụng BĐT $(*)$ ta được:
$\large 2a+\frac{1}{a}+2b+\frac{1}{b}+2c+\frac{1}{c}\ge\frac{1}{2}(a^2+b^2+c^2)+\frac{15}{2}=9$
Do $a^2+b^2+c^2=3$
Vậy $GTNN=9$
Dấu $"="$ xảy ra khi: $a=b=c=1$