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a) Theo quy tắc hình bình hành ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AC} \)
\( \Rightarrow |\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} |\; = \;|\overrightarrow {AC} |\)
Vậy mệnh đề này đúng.
b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {BC} \ne \overrightarrow {CB} \)
Vậy mệnh đề này sai.
c) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {OA} + \overrightarrow {OB} = \overrightarrow {OC} + \overrightarrow {OD} \)\( \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {OA} - \overrightarrow {OD} + \overrightarrow {OB} - \overrightarrow {OC} = \overrightarrow {0} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {CB} =\overrightarrow {0}\Leftrightarrow 2\overrightarrow {CB} =\overrightarrow {0} \)
Vậy mệnh đề này sai.
Cách 1:
Gọi O là giao điểm của AC và BD.
Ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AG} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow {BG} ;\\\overrightarrow {CG} = \overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow {DA} + \overrightarrow {BG} = - \overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow {BG} ;\end{array}\)(*)
Lại có: \(\overrightarrow {BD} =\overrightarrow {BA} + \overrightarrow {AD} = - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b \).
\(\overrightarrow {BG} ,\overrightarrow {BD} \) cùng phương và \(\left| {\overrightarrow {BG} } \right| = \frac{2}{3}BO = \frac{1}{3}\left| {\overrightarrow {BD} } \right|\)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {BG} = \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow {BD} = \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right)\)
Do đó (*) \( \Leftrightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AG} = \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow {BG} = \overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\\\overrightarrow {CG} = -\overrightarrow b + \overrightarrow {BG} = -\overrightarrow b + \frac{1}{3}\left( { - \overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\end{array} \right.\)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\;\overrightarrow {CG} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b .\)
Cách 2:
Gọi AE, CF là các trung tuyến trong tam giác ABC.
Ta có:
\(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {AE} = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left[ {\overrightarrow {AB} + \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} } \right)} \right] \\= \frac{1}{3}\left( {2\overrightarrow a + \overrightarrow b } \right) = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
\(\overrightarrow {CG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow {CF} = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left( {\overrightarrow {CA} + \overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = \frac{2}{3}.\frac{1}{2}\left[ {\left( {\overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {CD} } \right) + \overrightarrow {CB} } \right] = \frac{1}{3}\left( {2\overrightarrow {CB} + \overrightarrow {CD} } \right) = \frac{1}{3}\left( { - 2\overrightarrow {AD} - \overrightarrow {AB} } \right) = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b \)
Vậy \(\overrightarrow {AG} = \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow a + \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow b ;\;\overrightarrow {CG} = - \frac{1}{3}\overrightarrow a - \frac{2}{3}\overrightarrow b .\)
a) \(\overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {AD} - \overrightarrow {AB} ;\;\overrightarrow {AC} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} .\)
b) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD} = 4.6.\cos \widehat {BAD} = 24.\cos {60^o} = 12.\)
\(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = \overrightarrow {AB} (\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} ) = {\overrightarrow {AB} ^2} + \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD} = {4^2} + 12 = 28.\\\overrightarrow {BD} .\overrightarrow {AC} = (\overrightarrow {AD} - \overrightarrow {AB} )(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} ) = {\overrightarrow {AD} ^2} - {\overrightarrow {AB} ^2} = {6^2} - {4^2} = 20.\end{array}\)
c) Áp dụng định lí cosin cho tam giác ABD ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}\quad \;B{D^2} = A{B^2} + A{D^2} - 2.AB.AD.\cos A\\ \Leftrightarrow B{D^2} = {4^2} + {6^2} - 2.4.6.\cos {60^o} = 28\\ \Leftrightarrow BD = 2\sqrt 7 .\end{array}\)
Áp dụng định lí cosin cho tam giác ABC ta có:
\(\begin{array}{l}\quad \;A{C^2} = A{B^2} + B{C^2} - 2.AB.BC.\cos B\\ \Leftrightarrow A{C^2} = {4^2} + {6^2} - 2.4.6.\cos {120^o} = 76\\ \Leftrightarrow AC = 2\sqrt {19} .\end{array}\)
a)
\(\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} + \overrightarrow {CD} + \overrightarrow {DA} = \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} } \right) + \left( {\overrightarrow {CD} + \overrightarrow {DA} } \right)\\ = \overrightarrow {AC} + \overrightarrow {CA} = \overrightarrow {AA} = \overrightarrow 0 .\end{array}\)
b)
\(\overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {DC} \) và \(\overrightarrow {BC} - \overrightarrow {BD} = \overrightarrow {DC} \)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} - \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {BC} - \overrightarrow {BD} \)
a, \(AC=\dfrac{AB}{sin45^o}=\dfrac{a}{\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}=a\sqrt{2}\)
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB.AC.cos\widehat{BAC}=a.a\sqrt{2}.cos45^o=a^2\)
b, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)=\overrightarrow{AC}\left(\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BD}+\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{BC}\)
\(=AC.BD.cos90^o+AC.AD.cos45^o\)
\(=a\sqrt{2}.a\sqrt{2}.0+a\sqrt{2}.a.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=a^2\)
c, \(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BD}=AB.BD.cos135^o=-a.a\sqrt{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=-a^2\)
d, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\left(2\overrightarrow{AD}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)=\overrightarrow{BC}.\left(\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{BD}\right)\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{AD}+\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BD}\)
\(=AD^2+BC.BD.cos45^o\)
\(=a^2+a.a\sqrt{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=2a^2\)
e, \(\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{DA}+\overrightarrow{DB}+\overrightarrow{DC}\right)\)
\(=\left(\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{DB}+\overrightarrow{DB}\right)\)
\(=4.\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{DB}=4.AC.DB.cos90^o=0\)
a) Ta có: \(\left\{ \begin{array}{l}AD//BC\\AD = BC\end{array} \right.\) (do tứ giác ABCD là hình bình hành)
\( \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {BC} \)
b) Ta có: \(\overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {AD} = \overrightarrow {AB} + \overrightarrow {BC} = \overrightarrow {AC} \)
\(\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MB}+\overrightarrow{MC}+\overrightarrow{MD}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AD}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{OA}+\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{OB}+\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{OC}+\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{OD}=\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4\overrightarrow{MO}+\overrightarrow{OA}+\overrightarrow{OB}+\overrightarrow{OC}+\overrightarrow{OD}=2\overrightarrow{AO}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow4\overrightarrow{MO}=2\overrightarrow{OA}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{MO}=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AO}\)
\(\Rightarrow M\) là trung điểm OA
Ta có: \(AC = BD = \sqrt {A{B^2} + B{C^2}} = \sqrt {{a^2} + {a^2}} = a\sqrt 2 \)
+) \(AB \bot AD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} \bot \overrightarrow {AD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AD} = 0\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AB} .\overrightarrow {AC} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AB} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AC} } \right) = a.a\sqrt 2.\cos 45^\circ = a^2\)
+) \(\overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {CB} = \left| {\overrightarrow {AC} } \right|.\left| {\overrightarrow {CB} } \right|.\cos \left( {\overrightarrow {AC} ,\overrightarrow {CB} } \right) = a\sqrt 2 .a.\cos 135^\circ = - {a^2}\)
+) \(AC \bot BD \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} \bot \overrightarrow {BD} \Rightarrow \overrightarrow {AC} .\overrightarrow {BD} = 0\)
Chú ý
\(\overrightarrow {a} \bot \overrightarrow {b} \Leftrightarrow \overrightarrow {a} .\overrightarrow {b} = 0\)
A sai
\(\overrightarrow{AB}-\overrightarrow{AD}=\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{DA}=\overrightarrow{DA}+\overrightarrow{AB}=\overrightarrow{DB}=-\overrightarrow{BD}\) mới đúng
Khẳng định A