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Câu hỏi của Phạm Thị Hường - Toán lớp 8 - Học toán với OnlineMath
Em tham khảo bài làm ở link này nhé!
a. Xét hiệu: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}-\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
=\(\dfrac{b\left(a+b\right)+a\left(a+b\right)-4ab}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\)
\(=\dfrac{a^2-2ab+b^2}{ab\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab\left(a+b\right)}\ge0\)
Vì a,b>0
Xảy ra đẳng thức khi và chỉ khi a=b
a) Ta có: \(\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(1\right)\forall a,b\)
( Dấu = xày ra khi và chỉ khi a=b)
Cộng 4ab vào 2 vế, ta có:
\(\left(a-b\right)^2+4ab\ge4ab\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\)
Chia 2 vế cho ab(a+b)>0, ta có:
\(\dfrac{a+b}{ab}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\Leftrightarrow\)\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
b) Ta có:
\(2p=a+b+c\)
\(p-a=\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}-a=\dfrac{b+c-a}{2}>0\) vì b+c>a
Tương tự: \(p-b>0,p-c>0\)
Áp dụng BĐT: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)cho từng cặp số p-a, p-b; p-b,p-c;p-c,p-a
Ta có:
\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{\left(p-a\right)+\left(p-b\right)}=\dfrac{4}{2p-\left(a+b\right)}=\dfrac{4}{c}\left(1\right)\)
Tương tự:
\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{a}\left(2\right)\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-c}+\dfrac{1}{p-a}\ge\dfrac{4}{b}\left(3\right)\)
Cộng các BĐT cùng chiều (1), (2), (3) vế theo vế, ta có:
\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge4\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Do đó: \(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Ta có :
\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{2}{c}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-c}=\dfrac{2}{a}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-c}+\dfrac{1}{p-a}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-c+p-a}=\dfrac{2}{b}\)
Cộng từng về ta có đpcm
Ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{ab}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2\ge0\Leftrightarrow\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(đúng\right)\)
Áp dụng:
\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{4}{2p-a-b}\)
Mà \(2p=a+b+c\)
\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}\ge\dfrac{4}{a+b+c-a-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\)
Tương tự \(\Rightarrow2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)\ge\dfrac{4}{a}+\dfrac{4}{b}+\dfrac{4}{c}\)
\(\Rightarrowđpcm\)
BĐT cô si: \(\dfrac{x+y}{2}>\left(hoặc=\right)\sqrt{xy}\)
=>x+y >(hoặc =) \(2\sqrt{xy}\)
=>\(\left(x+y\right)^2>\left(hoặc=\right)4xy\)
=>\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)
vì P=\(\dfrac{a+b+c}{2}=>a+b+c=2p\)
=>c=2p-a-b
b=2p-a-c
a=2p-b-c
ta có:\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}>hoặc=\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-b}=\dfrac{4}{c}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{p-a+p-c}=\dfrac{4}{b}\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)\dfrac{4}{p-b+p-c}=\dfrac{4}{a}\)
cộng vế với vế ta đc
\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\right)>\left(hoặc=\right)4\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
<=>\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}>\left(hoặc=\right)2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
a)a,b,c là độ dài 3 cạnh của 1 tam giác
\(\Rightarrow a< b+c\Rightarrow a^2< ab+ac\)
TT\(\Rightarrow b^2< ba+bc\)
\(c^2< ca+cb\)
Cộng vế theo vế ta có đpcm
b)BĐT\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a}{b+c-a}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{b}{a+c-b}+\dfrac{1}{2}+\dfrac{c}{a+b-c}+\dfrac{1}{2}\ge\dfrac{9}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\dfrac{a+b+c}{b+c-a}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{a+c-b}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{a+b-c}\right)\ge\dfrac{9}{2}\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{b+c-a}+\dfrac{1}{c+a-b}+\dfrac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\ge9\)(đúng theo AM-GM)
Đề phải là \(\ge\)
\(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{-a+b+c}{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{a-b+c}{2}}+\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{a+b-c}{2}}=2\left(\dfrac{1}{-a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a-b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\)
Áp dụng BĐT trong tam giác:
a+b>c=>a+b-c>0
a+c>b=>a-b+c>0
b+c>a=>-a+b+c>0
Áp dụng BĐT \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\)cho 2 số dương:
\(\dfrac{1}{-a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a-b+c}\ge\dfrac{4}{2c}=\dfrac{2}{c}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi -a+b+c=a-b+c<=>a=b
\(\dfrac{1}{a-b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b-c}\ge\dfrac{4}{2a}=\dfrac{2}{a}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi a-b+c=a+b-c<=>b=c
\(\dfrac{1}{a+b-c}+\dfrac{1}{-a+b+c}\ge\dfrac{4}{2b}=\dfrac{2}{b}\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi a+b-c=-a+b+c<=>a=c
=>\(2\left(\dfrac{1}{-a+b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a-b+c}+\dfrac{1}{a+b-c}\right)\ge\dfrac{2}{a}+\dfrac{2}{b}+\dfrac{2}{c}\)
Hay \(\dfrac{1}{p-a}+\dfrac{1}{p-b}+\dfrac{1}{p-c}\ge2\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\)
Dấu = xảy ra khi \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=b\\b=c\\c=a\end{matrix}\right.\)<=>tam giác ABC đều
\(\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)=8abc\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cô-si cho 2 số không âm:
\(\left(a+b\right)\left(a+c\right)\left(b+c\right)\ge2\sqrt{ab}.2\sqrt{bc}.2\sqrt{ac}=8abc\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra <=> a = b = c
Vậy, △ABC là tam giác đều (đpcm)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cô si ta có:
\(VT=\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}}\cdot2\sqrt{\dfrac{c}{b}}\cdot2\sqrt{\dfrac{a}{c}}=8\sqrt{\dfrac{abc}{abc}}=8=VP\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi a = b = c
Mà VT = VP => a = b = c
=> tam giác ABC đều
\(\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\left(1+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{a}{a}+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)\left(\dfrac{b}{b}+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\left(\dfrac{c}{c}+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+b}{a}.\dfrac{b+c}{b}.\dfrac{c+a}{c}=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)}{abc}=8\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)=8abc\)
Với mọi \(a,b,c>0\) ta có :
+) \(\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\) Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b\)
+) \(\left(b+c\right)^2\ge4bc\) Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow b=c\)
+) \(\left(c+a\right)^2\ge4ca\) Dấu bằng xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow c=a\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2.\left(b+c\right)^2.\left(c+a\right)^2\ge64a^2b^2c^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)\left(b+c\right)\left(c+a\right)\ge8abc\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow a=b=c\Leftrightarrow\Delta ABC\) đều \(\left(đpcm\right)\)