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\(1,Q=\dfrac{a^4-2a^2+a^3-2a+a^2-2}{a^4-2a^2+2a^3-4a+a^2-2}\\ Q=\dfrac{\left(a^2-2\right)\left(a^2+a+1\right)}{\left(a^2-2\right)\left(a^2+2a+1\right)}=\dfrac{a^2+a+1}{a^2+2a+1}\)
\(Q=\dfrac{x^2+x+1}{\left(x+1\right)^2}-\dfrac{3}{4}+\dfrac{3}{4}=\dfrac{x^2+x+1-\dfrac{3}{4}x^2-\dfrac{3}{2}x-\dfrac{3}{4}}{\left(x+1\right)^2}+\dfrac{3}{4}\\ Q=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{4}x^2-\dfrac{1}{2}x+\dfrac{1}{4}}{\left(x+1\right)^2}+\dfrac{3}{4}=\dfrac{\dfrac{1}{4}\left(x-1\right)^2}{\left(x+1\right)^2}+\dfrac{3}{4}\ge\dfrac{3}{4}\\ Q_{min}=\dfrac{3}{4}\Leftrightarrow x=1\)
\(2,\text{Từ GT }\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{ayz+bxz+czy}{xyz}=0\\ \Leftrightarrow ayz+bxz+czy=0\\ \text{Ta có }\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}=1\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(\dfrac{x}{a}+\dfrac{y}{b}+\dfrac{z}{c}\right)^2=1\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\left(\dfrac{xy}{ab}+\dfrac{yz}{bc}+\dfrac{zx}{ca}\right)=0\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\cdot\dfrac{cxy+ayz+bzx}{abc}=1\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}+2\cdot\dfrac{0}{abc}=1\\ \Leftrightarrow\dfrac{x^2}{a^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{b^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{c^2}=1\)
a)Có \(a^2+1\ge2a\) với mọi a; \(b^2+1\ge2b\) với mọi b
Cộng vế với vế \(\Rightarrow a^2+b^2+2\ge2\left(a+b\right)\)
Dấu = xảy ra <=> a=b=1
b) Áp dụng BĐT bunhiacopxki có:
\(\left(x+y\right)^2\le\left(1+1\right)\left(x^2+y^2\right)\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\le2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow-\sqrt{2}\le x+y\le\sqrt{2}\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(x+y\right)_{max}=\sqrt{2}\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=\sqrt{2}\\x=y\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow x=y=\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\)
\(\left(x+y\right)_{min}=-\sqrt{2}\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\sqrt{2}\\x=y\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow x=y=-\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\)
c) \(S=\dfrac{1}{ab}+\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2}=\dfrac{1}{a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{1}{2ab}+\dfrac{1}{2ab}\)
Với x,y>0, ta có: \(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\) (1)
Thật vậy (1) \(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{y+x}{xy}\ge\dfrac{4}{x+y}\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y\right)^2\ge4xy\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2\ge0\) (lđ)
Áp dụng (1) vào S ta được:
\(S\ge\dfrac{4}{a^2+b^2+2ab}+\dfrac{1}{2ab}\)
Lại có: \(ab\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{4}\) \(\Leftrightarrow2ab\le\dfrac{\left(a+b\right)^2}{2}\Leftrightarrow2ab\le\dfrac{1}{2}\)\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2ab}\ge2\)
\(\Rightarrow S\ge\dfrac{4}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+2=6\)
\(\Rightarrow S_{min}=6\Leftrightarrow a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(P=\left(a^2+\dfrac{1}{16a^2}\right)+\left(b^2+\dfrac{1}{16b^2}\right)+\dfrac{15}{16}\left(\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}\right)\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{a^2}{16a^2}}+2\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2}{16b^2}}+\dfrac{15}{32}\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)^2\)
\(P\ge1+\dfrac{15}{32}.\left(\dfrac{4}{a+b}\right)^2\ge1+\dfrac{15}{32}.\left(\dfrac{4}{1}\right)^2=\dfrac{17}{2}\)
\(P_{min}=\dfrac{17}{2}\) khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Ta có : \(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\Leftrightarrow\left(\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}\right)^2\ge0\) ( luôn đúng )
Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(a=b\)
Bài tập :
Có : \(A=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{x+y}{x}+\dfrac{x+y}{y}=2+\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x}\) ( do \(x+y=1\) )
Theo BĐT trên có : \(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x}\ge2.\sqrt{\dfrac{x}{y}\cdot\dfrac{y}{x}}=2\)
Nên \(A\ge2+2=4\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Ta có : \(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\) (tự cm)
Lại có : \(A=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{x+y}{xy}\)
Áp dụng BĐT trên ta có : : \(xy\le\left(\dfrac{x+y}{2}\right)^2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow A\ge\dfrac{x+y}{\left(\dfrac{x+y}{2}\right)^2}=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{2^2}}=4\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Vậy...
Có: A=\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\) =\(\dfrac{x+y}{xy}\) =\(\dfrac{1}{xy}\) ( do x+y=1)
Áp dụng bđt \(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\) ,dâú bằng xảy ra khi a=b, ta có:
A=\(\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}\) =\(\dfrac{1}{xy}\) ≥ \(\dfrac{2}{x+y}\) =\(\dfrac{2}{1}\) =2 ( x+y=1)
dấu bằng xảy ra khi x=y=0,5.
c/m bđt \(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\) ⇔ a+b ≥ 2\(\sqrt{ab}\)
⇔(a+b)2 ≥ 4ab
⇔a2 +b2 +2ab≥ 4ab
⇔(a-b)2 ≥ 0 (luôn đúng)
dấu bằng xảy ra khi a=b.
\(\dfrac{a+b}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\left(\circledast\right)\\ \Leftrightarrow a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\\ \Leftrightarrow\left(a+b\right)^2\ge4ab\\ \Leftrightarrow a^2+2ab+b^2-4ab\ge0\\ \Leftrightarrow a^2-2ab+b^2=\left(a-b\right)^2\ge0\left(\text{luôn đúng}\right)\)
Vậy BĐT (*) được chứng minh.
\(A=\dfrac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}=\dfrac{x+y}{xy}=\dfrac{1}{xy}\)
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\(\dfrac{x+y}{2}\ge\sqrt{xy}\\ \Rightarrow\sqrt{xy}\le\dfrac{1}{2}\\ \Rightarrow xy\le\dfrac{1}{4}\\ \Rightarrow A=\dfrac{1}{xy}\ge\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{4}}=4\)
Vậy GTNN của A = 4
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow x=y=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
ab=1
⇒ \(a=\dfrac{1}{b}\)
⇒ \(a^2=\dfrac{1}{b^2}\)
Thay vào P:
\(P=\dfrac{1}{\dfrac{1}{b^2}}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{2}{\dfrac{1}{b^2}+b^2}\)
\(=\left(b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}\right)+\dfrac{2}{b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}}\)
Áp dụng BĐT Cô Si cho 2 số dương
⇒ \(P\) ≥ \(2\sqrt{\left(b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}\right).\dfrac{2}{b^2+\dfrac{1}{b^2}}}\)
\(=2\sqrt{2}\)
Min P= \(2\sqrt{2}\) ⇔ \(b^2=\dfrac{1}{b^2}\) ⇔b=1
Áp dụng BĐT AM-GM ta có:
\(a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\Rightarrow1\ge2\sqrt{ab}\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{2}\ge\sqrt{ab}\Rightarrow\dfrac{1}{4}\ge ab\)
Lại có theo AM-GM ta có:
\(a^2+b^2\ge2\sqrt{a^2b^2}=2ab\)\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{3}{a^2+b^2}\ge\dfrac{3}{2ab}\)
\(\Rightarrow A\ge\dfrac{3}{2ab}+\dfrac{2}{ab}\ge\dfrac{3}{2\cdot\dfrac{1}{4}}+\dfrac{2}{\dfrac{1}{4}}=14\)
Đẳng thức xảy ra khi \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b=2\sqrt{ab}\\a+b=1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a=b\\a+b=1\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
Vậy \(A_{Min}=14\) khi \(a=b=\dfrac{1}{2}\)
\(A=\dfrac{3}{a^2+b^2}+\dfrac{3}{2ab}+\dfrac{1}{2ab}\ge\dfrac{12}{\left(a+b\right)^2}+\dfrac{2}{\left(a+b\right)^2}=14\)